I shall be giving a talk to the Brentford & Chiswick Local History Society on the evening of Monday, 19 September. This takes place at The Chiswick Memorial Club, Bourne Place, London W4, just off Dukes Avenue, at 7.30pm, and the Society welcome non-members at their talks, admission free.
The talk will tell the story of the Greening family, established in Brentford End by 1710 and, 4 generations on, still working in horticulture in the 1790s. Skillful nurserymen, they were also contractors, garden designers and agents, serving the aristocracy and especially the royal family.
A reputation for reliability and quality was the key to success in business for 17th and 18th century nursery gardeners. This could be influenced by many factors, from a gardener’s training, through early employment, to the respect of patrons and colleagues. Personal testimonials passed on by satisfied customers were invaluable, while the emerging genre of gardening books saw individual gardeners appearing in lists of subscribers and as beneficiaries of writers’ comments.
Gardening dynasties
Some nursery gardens were owned and managed very successfully over a long period by a single family. A number of those described on this website ran through several generations, some making the transition from 18th century nursery garden to 19th century market garden with great success.
The Greening, Kennedy, Masters, Ronalds and Woodman families sustained their good reputations through several generations. Those who prospered (or inherited well from their parents) became gentlemen and moved into another world, another class.
William Hugill’s indenture (Layton Collection)
Training and apprenticeships
While many nursery gardeners trained their own offspring to support the family business, local gardeners also took on apprentices. In August 1716 Powell Pearson, the son of the schoolmaster at Mortlake, Surrey, was apprenticed to Thomas Greening snr of Brentford, further upstream on the Middlesex bank (1). Hugh Ronalds took on William Hugill, a poor boy funded by a local parish charity, as apprentice in 1798. Some nursery businesses came to an end in the absence of a son or nephew to train up as heir, while other sons were prudently placed as apprentices in different trades and crafts.
Two parish officials in Kew had a difficult situation to deal with in 1749. Chapelwarden John Dillman, one of the royal gardeners, and nurseryman Richard Butt placed Cornelius, the son of gardener John Edwards, as apprentice to a glazier in St James’s. Cornelius’ behaviour was so bad that the glazier petitioned for him to be removed. Young Cornelius Edwards had destroyed his reputation at an early age and one wonders whether placing him at some distance from his family might have been “for his own good” (2).
Personal recommendations
In a world where communication was a much slower process than today’s, referrals from satisfied customers, previous employers and admiring colleagues were crucially important.
Rocque’s dedication to the Greenings
John Rocque acknowledged members of the Greening family by dedicating to them his plan of the gardens at Kew which they managed.
Thomas Knowlton frequently mentioned other gardeners in his correspondence. Aware of this, his proteges, the Scott brothers made sure he knew what they were doing. For example, in a letter of November 1754 to William Stonehouse, gardener to R Richardson, he described a print of Sarracenia Purpurea grown by James Scott in Turnham Green and the new trade card issued by Henry Scott, his brother, stating that the latter was “the neatest thing of the Kind I have seen, he sent me one down”(3).
But personal comment could also cause difficulties. Henry Woodman was from 1729 supplying plants and seeds to Henry Ellison for Gateshead Park. The contracts came to an end in 1733, because another gardener, Stephen Switzer, had convinced Ellison that Woodman was fixing his prices in league with Ellison’s agent, Woolley. Though Woodman’s prices were comparable to those of his contemporaries Woolley lost his post and, after receiving indignant letters from Woodman denying that he would ever do such a thing, Ellison placed the matter in the hands of a lawyer. No further letters survive to show how this was resolved. Switzer, however, succeeded in supplanting Woodman at Gateshead Park (4).
Fellow Gardeners
Though they were commercial competitors, most nursery gardeners were part of a community bound by friendship and marriage; they shared information, admired achievements and purchased from each other. The inventory prepared on the death of gardener John Asslett of Old Brentford in 1748 revealed a considerable list of creditors (5), amongst whom were numerous significant gardeners from the surrounding area. If they were purchasing from Asslett they must have trusted the quality of plants he supplied. As the preparation of a nursery inventory required horticultural expertise, Asslett’s widow brought in two respected gardeners to assist her, Thomas Ash of Twickenham and Richard Butt of Kew.
Auriculas
During the 18th century gardeners’ societies and clubs provided opportunities for presenting plants or fruits at meetings and for cementing friendships. A feast for about 130 florists, specialists in flower-cultivation, was reported in The Craftsman of 16 April 1729. It took place at The Dog on Richmond Hill. After the dinner several florists presented their flowers, mainly auriculas, for the judgement of “five ancient and judicious Gardiners”. Silver spoons and ladles were awarded as prizes; two spoons and one ladle going to a single Barnes gardener who excelled (6).
After the Horticultural Society of London (now the RHS) was established in 1804 high quality examples of fruit and flowers, some newly introduced, were regularly presented to members’ meetings and given awards. Displays and awards of this kind were of value to individual gardeners and were also a source of pride to the employers of estate gardeners. William Cock jnr of Chiswick won the Silver Knightian medal for his pelargoniums in 1839; he had won a Large Silver Medal for plants of the same variety in 1810 and continued to win awards each year. The family’s garden ground lay between Chiswick House and Hogarth’s House; William Cock jnr described himself as market gardener in his will (7) so pelargoniums must have been his hobby.
Patrons and supporters Nicholas Parker of Strand on the Green was a very successful Chiswick gardener. He supplied standard trees, yews and fruit trees for Lord Fauconberg’s new gardens at nearby Sutton Court in the 1680s and 1690. And Lord Ashburnham, who also owned an estate in Chiswick, contracted him to work on his Ampthill Park gardens in Bedfordshire between 1697 and 1707 (8). Though he married twice, Parker mentioned no surviving children in his will. Instead, he made thoughtful bequests of property to members of the Compton family, related to him by marriage, and to Henry Woodman, who was probably his foreman. This enabled Henry to marry one of the Compton heirs and establish his own nursery on part of Parker’s garden ground.
William Murfin was recommended for the post of head gardener at Chiswick House in 1789 by William Speechly, the Duke of Portland’s gardener at Welbeck. Murfin was trained at Castle Howard by Robert Teesdale who had recommended him 20 years earlier to Doncaster estate and now recommended him again (9). William Murfin’s nephew, Robert Clews, was trained by William’s brother, Robert Murfin; he succeeded William as head gardener at Chiswick and became a Fellow of the Horticultural Society. In 1823 he exhibited there varieties of grapes and in 1830 two varieties of apple named after him.
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, many Scots gardeners travelled south to find work on big estates. Some came to posts with aristocratic members of the Stuart court who had been awarded landed estates by the King. Others came for political reasons, or perhaps because there was more likelihood of prosperity in the gardens of the south of England. The Scotts were working in Chiswick in the late 1730s while the Ronalds’ nursery was established in New Brentford in the mid 1740s. Sir Joseph Banks, who had a house at Isleworth, knew and trusted Hugh Ronalds snr, whose nursery ground lay nearby in New Brentford. Banks placed substantial (and profitable) orders with Ronalds for plants to send to Australia.
Gardeners who worked as contractors, like Capability Brown, employed experienced and skillful managers to oversee their contracts. In 1765 Brown placed Michael Milliken, a Scot who had worked for him at Chatsworth for 10 years, to supervise work on the King’s Richmond Gardens at Kew. There Milliken stayed for 35 years – his touching letters to his wife and his will show that this was immensely profitable (10).
John Lawrence Clergyman’s Recreation 1714
Catalogues and handbooks
John Lawrence, in the preface to his book of 1714, The Clergyman’s Recreation, mentions the famous owners of the great nursery at Brompton, South Kensington, London and Wise, but also singles out Nicholas Parker of Strand on the Green for praise. He describes him as “that honest person I have so long dealt with and so often recommended” and comments on the reliability of more than 500 fruit trees supplied by him.
Despite the dispute mentioned above, the quality of the plants Henry Woodman supplied was endorsed by Thomas Hitt, another distinguished gardener, in his book A Treatise of Fruit-Trees (1755): “I must own I have received peach-trees and nectarines from Mr Henry Woodman of Strand on the Green in the county of Middlesex which I planted for the Reverend Mr Ewer of Bottisford near Belvoir Castle; all of them lived and some bore fruit the first year after planting, tho’ they were brought above a hundred miles, and only packed up with straw and matts; they have been planted nine years and are now strong healthy trees.”
Nathaniel Swinden included a catalogue of seeds in his book of 1778
Barnaby Millett, Lord Burlington’s head gardener at Chiswick, was described by Richard Bradley in various works between 1718 and 1724 as a “very ingenious gardener” skilled in the early ripening of strawberries and of cherries and apricots in frames (11). Nathaniel Swinden on the other hand, relied on a little elegant self-promotion. His book was not only full of useful advice on gardening but also acted as a catalogue of seeds which he could supply. And in a rather modern approach, Swinden offered boxes and baskets of selected seeds enabling purchasers to implement designs he had proposed in the book.
Obituaries
Unlike today’s published obituaries only occasionally did 18th and early 19th century death notices include more than a bare statement of a gardener’s death and the sadness of the surviving relatives. But by then it was too late to tell the deceased gardener of the esteem of the community of gardeners, which one hopes had been expressed in life!
References & Sources
(1) Apprenticeship Registers via ancestry.co.uk
(2) Westminster Session,Justices’ Working Documents April 1751 accessed through londonlives.org
(3) No Ordinary Gardener: Thomas Knowlton 1691-1781, Blanche Henrey, British Museum (Natural History) 1986 pp 230-1
(4) full transcripts of the correspondence in Early Nurserymen, John H Harvey, Phillimore, 1974
(5) TNA PROB 3/48/2
(6) quoted in English Florists’ Societies and Feasts in the 17th and First Half of the 18th Centuries, Ruth E Duthie, Garden History 10, No 1 (Spring, 1982), pp 17-35
(7) TNA PROB 11/2052
(8) Letter books of John 1st Baron Ashburnham Jan 1696 to Mar 1705, East Sussex Record Office ASH 840-845
(9) correspondence in Chatsworth Archives, quoted in Chiswick House Grounds Historical Survey, P6327, David Jacques (Travers Morgan for DoE), 1983
(10) Letters in private archive, quoted in Capability Brown, Dorothy Stroud, Country Life, 1950, and TNA PROB 11/1139
(11) from Garden History 11, No 1 p 33, quoted in Chiswick House Grounds Historical Survey, P6327, David Jacques (Travers Morgan for DoE), 1983
Lecture for the London Parks and Gardens Trust, 7-8pm, 12 November 2012 at The Garden Museum SE1 7LB (map)
Val Bott will be giving a lecture about some of the nursery gardeners of the Brentford & Chiswick area between 1680 and 1820. Her research has used local history and family history to discover the links between the gardening families and what they grew, rangin from patent elms, through pineapples to Williams pears.
Tickets are available from the London Parks and Gardens Trust at £8 for LPGT members abd Museum Friends and £9 for others.
In the Royal Horticultural Society’s Wisley library is a hand-coloured copy of Hugh Ronalds’ handsome book on apples, Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis, published in 1831. The illustrations were lovingly prepared by his daughter, Elizabeth, a talented artist who may personally have coloured a number of copies of the book. I was delighted to go to see it in the company of two visitors from Canada, one of whom is a Ronalds descendant; we had been sharing our research discoveries by email for some time! Their visit also took in a gentle exploration of Brentford, Isleworth and Little Ealing to locate the Ronalds’ garden grounds.
Hugh Ronalds senior
Hugh Ronalds senior (1726-1788) was a Scot from Moidart, Inverness-shire. He was one of the many Scottish gardeners who came to work in our area after the Duke of Lauderdale became established at Ham, James Johnson at Orleans House and the Duke of Argyll at Whitton Park. All these influential Scotsmen invested heavily in their gardens.
Ronalds house is at the extreme left of this print of St Lawrence’s
Hugh Ronalds senior was certainly working in New Brentford by the late 1740s and living in The Butts by 1760. He and his wife Mary had seven children; she died aged 77 in 1799. Several generations of the family worked as nurserymen and seedsmen here for well over a century. A number of them were buried at St Lawrence’s Church but they were non-Conformists, actively involved in the management of Brentford’s congrgational chapel where their children were baptised. In the 1770s Hugh senior was living in a timber-framed house called Lamberts (and sometimes referred to as Noy’s House after a later owner) next to St Lawrence’s, with his primary nursery of 2 acres next door between the church and the Brent (later the canal).
He used an old building in garden ground at Brentford End, on the south side of the London Road in Isleworth as a seed store. A sketch in the London Metropolitan Archives shows this early brick structure which had been the separate kitchen of a grander house. In front of this delapidated working building a gardener brings stalks and sprays in a barrow while another beats stalks on a cloth, winnowing out the seeds.
detail from the sketch of Ronalds’ seedhouse
Hugh senior’s will mentions the properties in New Brentford and in Isleworth, which he and his sons Henry Clarke Ronalds (1757-1804) and Hugh junior (1759-1833) had worked in partnership for many years. Their stock included trees, plants, shrubs, flowers and seeds. Hugh senior provided for his widow and all four of his surviving sons in such a way that the partnership could continue but Henry and his widowed mother soon moved to Coventry.
Hugh Ronalds junior
The most famous member of this gardening family was Hugh Ronalds junior (1753-1834). He was given considerable responsibility for work in the business from the age of 14 and later managed it with his sons John (1792-1850) and Robert (1799-1880). His wife, Elizabeth Clarke, was from another local family and they had ten children. Active in local affairs, he had shares in the Grand Junction Canal Company, was on the committee of the Brentford Volunteers 1803-6, and became a council member of the Royal Horticultural Society.
Garden ground at Little Ealing leased from Col Clitherow of Boston Manor by Hugh Ronalds jnr.
Hugh junior ran his father’s nursery beside St Lawrence’s (Robert Ronalds, the last of this generation, still occupied it when he died in 1880), another between The Butts and Boston Manor Road, land at Little Ealing which is now a recreation ground and also the Isleworth nursery where the cemetery now stands. At one stage he offered part of his land-holdings as trial grounds for the use of the Horticultural Society but they chose instead to lease land from the Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick.
The apple book
His book, Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis or A Concise Description of Selected Apples appeared in 1831. By this time Hugh Ronalds junior was 78 years old and had been encouraged by fellow members of the Royal Horticultural Society to write the book. In it he described each variety, gave information about its seasonality, storage capability and uses, and acknowledged other nurserymen who had introduced or improved apple varieties, revealing his wide network of contacts. He was recording a lifetime’s work, and perhaps marking the transition from gardening skills to the academic study of horticulture. His desire to share his expertise is underlined by his statement in the book that he would welcome visitors who wanted to discover more at his nursery . His obituary in Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine says that he was “well skilled in fruits” and had “great skill in raising flower seed for which the nursery has long been celebrated”.
Specialist knowledge and reputation
The Ronalds’ business was based upon deep specialist knowledge. Hugh Ronalds junior assembled a herbarium of plant samples from Kew Gardens but its whereabouts are not now known. Loudon’s Gardener’s Magazine mentions the apple trees, stating in 1829 that “for several years he [Hugh junior] has studied them at all seasons and . . . his descriptions of the different varieties, of the hardiness or delicacy of the tree, its blossom, leaves, fruits, time of ripening, keeping, are copious and voluminous. We have strongly urged Mr Ronalds to publish a selection of engravings and descriptions”.
As seedsmen the Ronalds must have had considerable understanding of pollination and fertilisation, as nurserymen they needed skill in growing and protecting their plants as well as understanding soil and climate. On the evidence of their letters, invoices, wills and the book, these were literate and numerate men who wrote well. They knew how to manage their business and made arrangements for their children to sustain it. They sold garden equipment, for example, supplying to Kew Gardens barrows, brooms, implements, mats and stationery. The sheer scale of their nursery business at its peak is shown by their ablity to supply more than 14,000 shrubs for the new Kensal Green Cemetery.
Some surviving invoices have printed headings and an engraved logo of an acorn. They are neatly written with details of the plants or seeds supplied. Hugh Ronalds junior wrote of the difficulties involved in getting plants safely to port in England, and the Banks Archive in the State Library of New South Wales includes invoices for plants which he had supplied to Banks for the voyage of the Porpoise to Australia. Sir Joseph Banks lived only on short distance away at Spring Grove, Isleworth, and would have trusted Ronalds whom he knew personally.
apple from Sir Joseph Banks estate by Elizabeth Ronalds
Social standing
The Ronalds’ children married into families with substantial business interests in Brentford, including the Montgomreys who were also of Scots origin.The Ronalds also supplied upper class clients like the Clitherows of Boston Manor (for more than 50 years), the Childs of Osterley Park and the Dukes of Devonshire at Chiswick House. Indeed the Duke of Devonshire was so struck by the quality of a bed of late tulips at the nursery that he paid £500 for it. They maintained a circle of significant gardening contacts which included William Aiton, another Scot, who ran Kew Gardens and was one of Hugh Ronalds senior’s executors.
Both Griffiths and Hugh Ronalds were parties to a chapel lease in 1792, along with William Aiton and other men from the locality. In fact, Hugh Ronalds senior and his family contributed funds for building the new chapel in Boston Manor Road at the end of The Butts. Hugh junior was a chapel trustee from 1781 until 1825 and his brother John became treasurer in 1837.
William Hugall’s apprenticeship indenture, 1798, with Hugh Ronalds jnr (Thomas Layton Collection)
These were also generous people. A 1798 indenture records Hugh Ronalds junior passing on his skills by taking as apprentice a poor boy funded by local charities.The Ronalds’ home and nursery beside St Lawrence’s suffered serious damage in the 1841 Brentford Flood but several family members made donations to support those made homeless by the disaster. John Ronalds left bequests to his skilled foreman and his son, both named William Wareing, and one of the witnesses to his will was his servant, Eliza Humphreys.
Long-established gardening families like the Ronalds contributed to the high reputation of this area for horticulture, but they also played a significant part in the life of the town. A great deal of effort by members of Brentford Voice and the Brentford & Chiswick Local History Society, with support from descendants in Canada and Australia, and a sensible council officer they have been commemorated. Ballymore, the current developers of Brentford, have named a new road running across the site of their former home beside St Lawrence’s Church after them and the family tomb, in the nearby churchyard has been repaired and retained in the new garden behind the church whereas many other memorials have been cleared away.
Long-established gardening families like the Ronalds contributed to the high reputation of this area for horticulture, but they also played a significant part in the life of the town. A great deal of effort by members of Brentford Voice and the Brentford & Chiswick Local History Society, with support from descendants in Canada and Australia, and a sensible council officer they have been commemorated. Ballymore, the current developers of Brentford, have named a new road running across the site of their former home beside St Lawrence’s Church after them and the family tomb, in the nearby churchyard has been repaired and retained in the new garden behind the church whereas many other memorials have been cleared away.